Passive sampling
Passive sampling or diffusive sampling of air onto sorbent media uses the principle of Fick’s first law of diffusion to target known sample environments. Using this approach, analytes migrate to the surface of a sorbent bed at a rate that depends on the conditions.
Diffusive badges for personal monitoring require solvent extraction and analysts now have access to greener technologies such as the POD Sampler.
Find out more about Passive sampling in our blog, Monitoring the air we breathe with passive sampling.
For diffusive sampler uptake rates see the report written for Markes by the Health and Safety Executive, testing for a range of compounds onto four sorbent types.
Overview
As no power source is required, passive samplers can be used for long-term, time-weighted-average monitoring to determine exposure levels in line with occupational health guidance. When used for environmental air monitoring, their relatively low cost makes them suitable for large-scale deployment.
- Axial diffusive samplers are used for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air over a wide concentration range. Depending on the concentration of the target analytes, axial samplers are exposed for periods between 8 hours and 4 weeks.
- Radial diffusive samplers are constructed so that the orientation of the diffusion path is parallel to the radius of the sorbent cartridge. They have a cylindrical diffusive surface area, and so have an effective sampling rate typically 100 times that of axial samplers. Because of this, radial samplers are often used for short-term deployment (4 hours to 1 week), and are not always suited to sampling high-concentration atmospheres.
- Speciality passive samplers are available for certain non-volatile organic compounds.
Passive sampling is used when studying known compounds, and quantitation is possible using validated uptake rates. The technique is widely used for monitoring personal exposure, for large-scale environmental studies, and for indoor air monitoring.
There are two approaches to tube-based passive sampling: axial passive sampling and radial passive sampling. These are explored in Application Note 008, The theory and practice of diffusive monitoring. And in our blog Passive sampling and its pivotal role in greener sampling of VOCs.
Axial sampling uptake rates can be found in Application Note 001: Listing of uptake rates for axial passive samplers.
Passive sampling is central to a number of important standard methods, including:
- US EPA 325, in which passive samplers are deployed around the perimeter of an industrial site. Tubes are housed in robust, weather-proof hoods containing up to five tubes, with a typical sampling period of 3 – 28 days.
- ISO16017-2, which uses passive sampling for sampling and analysis of VOCs in indoor, ambient and workplace air.
Benefits of passive sampling
- No power source is required, so it can be used for long-term, time-weighted-average monitoring for determining exposure levels in line with occupational health guidance.
- Supplies are easy to transport and use, and suitable for a wide range of common volatile organic air pollutants.
- When used in personal exposure monitoring, passive samplers are silent and unobtrusive.
- When used in environmental air monitoring, their relatively low cost makes them suitable for large-scale deployment.
